45.1
How Do Sensory Cells Convert Stimuli
into Action Potentials? 965
Sensory receptor proteins act on ion
channels 965
Sensory transduction involves changes
in membrane potentials 966
Sensation depends on which neurons
receive action potentials from sensory
cells 967
Many receptors adapt to repeated stimulation
967
45.2 How Do Sensory Systems Detect
Chemical Stimuli? 967
Arthropods provide good examples for
studying chemoreception 968
Olfaction is the sense of smell 968
The vomeronasal organ senses pheromones
969
Gustation is the sense of taste 969
45.3 How Do Sensory Systems Detect
Mechanical Forces? 970
Many different cells respond to touch
and pressure 970
Mechanoreceptors are found in muscles,
tendons, and ligaments 971
Auditory systems use hair cells to
sense sound waves 972
Hair cells provide information about
displacement 974
45.4 How Do Sensory Systems Detect
Light? 976
Rhodopsins are responsible for photosensitivity
976
Invertebrates have a variety of visual
systems 977
Image-forming eyes evolved independently
in vertebrates and cephalopods 978
The vertebrate retina receives and
processes visual information 980
