Part One - The Science and Building Blocks of Life 1

1.	Studying Life 2
2.	The Chemistry of Life 20
3.	Macromolecules and the Origin of Life 38

Part Two - Cells and Energy 67

4.	Cells: The Working Units of Life 68
5.	The Dynamic Cell Membrane 96
6.	Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism 118
7.	Pathways that harvest Chemical Energy 138
8.	Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight 160

Part Three - Heredity and the Genome 179

9.	Chromosomes, The Cell Cycle, and Cell Division 180
10.	Genetics: Mendel and Beyond 206
11.	DNA and Its Role in Heredity 232
12.	From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 256
13.	The Genetics of Viruses and Prokaryotes 282
14.	The Eukaryotic Genome and Its Expression 306

Part Four - Molecular Biology: The Genome in Action 331

15.	Cell Signaling and Communication 332
16.	Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology 352
17.	Genome Sequencing, Molecular Biology, and Medicine 374
18.	Immunology: Gene Expression and Natural Defense Systems 400
19.	Differential Gene Expression in Development 426
20.	Development and Evo­lutionary Change 448

Part Five - The Patterns and Processes of Evolution 463

21.	The History of Life on Earth 464
22.	The Mechanisms of Evolution 486
23.	Species and Their Formation 508
24.	The Evolution of Genes and Genomes 524
25.	Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies 542

Part Six - The Evolution of Diversity 559

26.	Bacteria and Archaea: The Prokaryotic Domains 560
27.	The Origin and Diversification of the Eukaryotes 582
28.	Plants Without Seeds: From Sea to Land 610
29.	The Evolution of Seed Plants 630
30.	Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners 650
31.	Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans 670
32.	Protostomate Animals 690
33.	Deuterostome Animals 716

Part Seven - Flowering Plants: Form and Function 743

34.	The Plant Body 744
35.	Transport in Plants 764
36.	Plant Nutrition 780
37.	Regulation of Plant Growth 796
38.	Reproduction in Flowering Plants 818
39.	Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges 836

Part Eight - Animals: Form and Function 853

40.	Physiology, Homeo­stasis, and Temperature Regulation 854
41.	Animal Hormones 874
42.	Animal Reproduction 896
43.	Animal Development: From Genes to Organisms 920
44.	Neurons and Nervous Systems 942
45.	Sensory Systems 964
46.	The Mammalian Nervous System 984
47.	Effectors: Making Animals Move 1004
48.	Gas Exchange in Animals 1024
49.	Circulatory Systems 1044
50.	Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption 1068
51.	Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion 1092

Part Nine - Ecology 1111

52.	Ecology and The Distribution of Life 1112
53.	Behavior and Behavioral Ecology 1140
54.	Population Ecology 1166
55.	Community Ecology 1184
56.	Ecosystems and Global Ecology 1204
57.	Conservation Biology 1226