Preface
Introduction
I. Program Components
A. Introduction to the Working with Chemistry Program
B. Forming and Working in Groups
II. Safety in the Chemical Laboratory
A. Chemical Hazards: Identification and Management
B. Disposal of Chemical Substances
III. Instruments for Chemical Measurement
A. Handling Chemicals
B. Measurement by Mass
C. Measurement by Volume
Cleaning and Preparing Glassware
Types of Volumetric Glassware
Using Volumetric Glassware
D. Techniques of Titration
Dispensing the Titrant
Acid–Base Titrations
Standards for Acid–Base Titrations
E. Dilution Calculations
Dilution of a Known Concentration by a Known Amount
Determining How Much to Dilute a Solution
Finding a Concentration When Solutions Are Mixed
IV. Principles of Spectrophotometric Analysis
A. The Measurement of Color
B. Absorbance and Transmittance
C. Deviations from Beer’s Law
D. Spectrophotometric Samples
E. Using the Spectronic-2
F. Calibration Curves
V. Quantitative Interpretation of Chemical Measurements
A. Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry
Measurement of Chemical Amount
Chemical Amounts in Reactions
Limiting Reactants
Reaction Yield
B. Uncertainty Analysis
Accuracy in Measurement
Precision in Measurement
Uncertainty Analysis and Propagation of Error
C. Graphing Laboratory Data
Principles of Good Graphing
Interpreting Graphical Data
Calculating Unknowns from Graphs
D. Analysis of Chemical Reaction Rates and Reaction Kinetics
Rate Laws
Integrated Rate Laws
Designing a Kinetic Study
Acknowledgments
Experiment Groups
A. Methods of Inquiry and Measurement
Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties: The Glass Bead Lab
Chemical Properties: The Activity Series
B. Measurement of Chemical Ratios: Float an Egg
Use of Volumetric Glassware: The Floating Egg Problem
Chemical Proportionality: Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid
C. Mass Stoichiometry
Skill-Building Lab: Synthesis of Metal Complexes
Application Lab: Gravimetric Analysis of Phosphorus
D. Metal Ions and the Blood: Treat Iron Deficiency… and Overload
Skill-Building Lab: Spectrophotometry of Dyes
Application Lab: Total Serum Iron Assay
E. Analysis of Complex Solutions: Bloodwork Quick with a Finger Stick
Skill-Building Lab: Stoichiometry of a Metal–Ligand Complex
Application Lab: Determination of Serum Albumin
F. Acid–Base Titration and the Global Carbon Cycle: Predict Effects of Rising Levels of CO2
Skill-Building Lab: Analysis of an Antacid
Application Lab: Tree Leaves and the Global Carbon Cycle
G. Buffers and Life: Save a Cardiac Arrest Patient
Skill-Building Lab: Stabilization of pH with Buffers
Application Lab: Cardiac Arrest! The Restoration of Buffers
H. Measurement of Chemical Reaction Rates: Clean Up Waste Water
Skill-Building Lab: Hydrolysis of an Ester
Application Lab: Decomposition of an Aqueous Dye
I. Electrochemical Measurement: Electroplating
Skill-Building Lab: Electrochemical Measurement and Batteries
Application Lab: Electroplating Metals
J. Thermochemistry: Materials and Temperature Control
Skill-Building Lab: Heat Capacity and the Fireproof Safe
Application Lab: The Control of Temperature in Chemical Reactions
K. Ecological Element Cycles: Judge Levels of Environmental Disturbance
Skill-Building Lab: Analysis of Phosphorus in Water
Application Lab: Nitrogen and Mud
L. Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions
Skill-Building Lab: Ka of an Indicator
Application Lab: Equilibrium of Protein–Ligand Binding
M. Gases: Collect Hydrogen Gas for Potential Use in a Fuel Cell
Skill-Building Lab: The Gas Laws—A Study of the
Behaviors of Gases
Application Lab: Hydrogen—A Clean Fuel
Index