Foundations
Matter
Energy
Electromagnetic radiation
Building on the foundations
1. The properties of gases
Equations of state
Impact on environmental science 1.1: The gas laws and the weather
The molecular model of gases
Real gases
Further Information 1.1: Kinetic Molecular Theory
2. Thermodynamics: the First Law
The conservation of energy
Internal energy and enthalpy
3. Thermodynamics: applications of the First Law
Physical change
Impact on biochemistry 3.1: Differential scanning calorimetry
Chemical change
Impact on technology 3.2: Fuels
Impact on biochemistry 3.3: Food and energy reserves
4. Thermodynamics: the Second Law
Entropy
Impact on technology 4.1: Heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps
The Gibbs energy
Impact on biology 4.2: Life and the Second Law
5. Physical equilibria: pure substances
The thermodynamics of transition
Phase diagrams
Impact on technology 5.1: Supercritical fluids
6. Physical equilibria: the properties of mixtures
The thermodynamic description of mixtures
Impact on biology 6.1: Gas solubility and breathing
Colligative properties
Phase diagrams of mixtures
Impact on technology 6.2: Ultrapurity and controlled impurity
7. Chemical equilibria: the principles
Thermodynamic background
Impact on biochemistry 7.1: Coupled reactions in biochemical processes
The response of equilibria to the conditions
Impact on biochemistry 7.2: Binding of oxygen to myoglobin and haemoglobin
8. Chemical equilibria: solutions
Proton transfer equilibria
Salts in water
Impact on medicine 8.1: Buffer action in blood
Solubility equilibria
9. Chemical equilibria: electrochemistry
Ions in solution
Impact on biochemistry 9.1: Ion channels and pumps
Electrochemical cells
Applications of standard potentials
Impact on technology 9.2: Fuel cells
10. Chemical kinetics: the rates of reactions
Empirical chemical kinetics
Reaction rates
The temperature dependence of reaction rates
11. Chemical kinetics: accounting for the rate laws
Reaction schemes
Reaction mechanisms
Reactions in solution
Homogeneous catalysis
Chain reactions
Further Information 11.1: FickÕs Laws of Diffusion
12. Quantum theory
The emergence of quantum theory
The dynamics of microscopic systems
Applications of quantum mechanics
Further Information 12.1: The Separation of Variables Procedure
13. Quantum chemistry: atomic structure
Hydrogenic atoms
The structures of many-electron atoms
Periodic trends in atomic properties
The spectra of complex atoms
Impact on astronomy 13.1: The spectroscopy of stars
Further information 13.1: The Pauli Principle
14. Quantum chemistry: the chemical bond
Introductory concepts
Valence bond theory
Molecular orbitals
Computational chemistry
15. Molecular interactions
van der Waals interactions
The total interaction
Impact on medicine 15.1: Molecular recognition and drug design
Molecules in motion
16. Macromolecules and aggregates
Biological and synthetic macromolecules
Impact on biochemistry 16.1: The prediction of protein structure
Mesophases and disperse systems
Impact on biochemistry 16.2: Biological membranes
Determination of size and shape
17. Metallic, ionic, and covalent solids
Bonding in solids
Impact on technology 17.1: Nanowires
Crystal structure
Impact on biochemistry 17.2: X-ray crystallography of biological macromolecules
18. Solid surfaces
The growth and structure of surfaces
The extent of adsorption
Catalytic activity at surfaces
Impact on technology 18.1: Examples of heterogeneous catalysis
Processes at electrodes
19. Spectroscopy: molecular rotations and vibrations
Rotational spectroscopy
Vibrational spectroscopy
Impact on the environment 19.1: Climate change
20. Spectroscopy: electronic transitions
Ultraviolet and visible spectra
Impact on biochemistry 20.1: Vision
Radiative and non-radiative decay
Impact on biochemistry 20.2: Photosynthesis
Photoelectron spectroscopy
Further Information 20.1: The Beer-Lambert Law
Further Information 20.2: The Einstein Transition Probabilities
21. Spectroscopy: magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance
The information in NMR spectra
Impact on medicine 21.1: Magnetic resonance imaging
Electron paramagnetic resonance
22. Statistical thermodynamics
The Boltzmann distribution
The partition functionThermodynamic properties
Further Information 22.1: The Calculation of Partition Functions
Further Information 22.2: The Equilibrium Constant from the Partition Function
Resource section
Quantities and units
Data sectionIndex